CHAPTER I
PREFACE
A.
Background
Every moment, people need a lesson from the universe until he found the right way to
act in defense of life. For the needs of this study takes
influence from the outside. Therefore, education is an essential
for humans, by education people can learn to study the universe in order to maintain life because
of the importance of education.
Islam puts education in a very important high position. Muslims in history has demonstrated
the importance of education. This goes back to the time when
the apostles until the present time. But it's good we have
to know the source or material that we can really valid, because there are so many groups who want to impose Islam in various
ways. One of them is the Orientalist. Orientalist
is a group of people who examines various fields in the presence of Islam with the
aim to undermine Islam and Islamic cultures.
B.
Formulation Of The Problems
1.
What
is the definition of Islamic studies?
2.
What
is the definition of Orientalism?
3.
How
about Islamic studies in the tradition of Orientalism?
CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
A.
The Definition Of Islamic Studies
The study
implies understanding, studying, and researching. Study or research is a method
of a study conducted through a careful investigation and perfect for a problem,
so we get the right solution to the problem. Research could also be interpreted
as a human attempt to seek the truth or are considered, it is agreed as truth. The
characteristics of the study:
1.
The problem is more focused
2.
The depth of study
3.
The finding
4.
Recommendations for
troubleshooting
5.
Development
6.
Testing of truth
there.
In a Muslim context, Islamic studies is the umbrella
term for the Islamic sciences ('Ulum al-din), both originally
researched and as defined by the Islamization of knowledge. It includes all the traditional forms of religious thought, such
as kalam (Islamic theology) and fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence), but also incorporates fields generally
considered secular in the West, such as Islamic
science and Islamic
economics.
In a non-Muslim context, Islamic studies generally refers to the historical study of
Islam: Islamic civilization, Islamic history and historiography, Islamic
law, Islamic theology and Islamic philosophy. Academics from diverse disciplines participate and exchange ideas
about Islamic societies, past and present, although Western, academic Islamic
studies itself is in many respects a self-conscious and self-contained field.
Specialists in the discipline apply methods adapted from several ancillary
fields, ranging from Biblical
studies and classical philology to modern history, legal history and sociology. A
recent trend, particularly since 9/11, has been the study of contemporary Islamist groups and movements by academics from the social
sciences or in many cases by journalists,
although since such works tend to be written by non-Arabists they belong outside the field of Islamic studies proper.
B.
The Definition Of Orientalism
The word "Orientalism"
is a word that is attributed to a study or research done by other
than the east of the eastern range of disciplines, both
in language, religion, history,
and issues of socio-cultural eastern nations. There are also said orientalism
is a discipline which deals with eastern. Orientalism is
an ideology or stream wishing to investigate matters relating to the eastern nations
and their environment.
Orientalist/Orientalism
in terms of the language is derived from the word meaning oriental east, there by
orientalist mean things related to the problem of eastern/eastern world. Said's
Orientalism is a word that is labeled to a study/research carried out in
addition to the east of the eastern range of disciplines, both in the field of
language, religion, history and issues of socio-cultural eastern nations.
Orientalism by Edward W.
Said is a critique of the study of the Orient and its ideology. Said examines
the historical, cultural, and political views of the East that are held by the
West, and examines how they developed and where they came from. He basically
traces the various views and perceptions back to the colonial period of British
and European domination in the Middle East. During this period, the United
States was not yet a world power and didn't enter into anything in the East
yet. The views and perceptions that came into being were basically the result
of the British and French. The British had colonies in the East at this time;
the French did not but were trying to acquire some.
The
beginning of the study of Orientalism is traced to the early eighteenth century
and focused on language. This early study consisted of translating works from
the Oriental languages into European languages. The colonial rulers could not
rule properly, it was believed, without some knowledge of the people they
ruled. They thought they could acquire this knowledge from translating various
works from the native language into their own. The Orient existed to be studied
and that studying was done by Westerners who believed themselves to be superior
to the "others", which is how they described the East. They were
basically the opposite of the East and considered to the active while the
Orient was considered to be passive. The Orient existed to be ruled and
dominated.
Orientalism
first time appears since about the last of 18th century when the Europe was
controlling east nations. The purposes of the Orientalism are dealing with
Gold, Glory and Gospel. They use many systems to defense their control of east
nations forever.
"Orientalism"
refers to the Orient or East, in contrast to the Occident or West, and often, as seen by the West, often as “a form of
radical realism”. Orient came into English from Middle French orient (the root
word is oriēns, L). Oriēns has related meanings: the eastern part of the world,
the part of the sky in which the sun rises, the east, the rising sun, daybreak,
and dawn. Together with the geographical concepts of different ages, its
reference of the "eastern part" has changed. For example, when
Chaucer wrote "That they conquered many regnes grete/In the orient, with
many a fair citee" in Monk's Tale (1375), the "orient" refers to
countries lying immediately to the east of the Mediterranean or Southern
Europe; while in Aneurin Bevan's In Place of Fear (1952) this geographical term had already
expanded to East Asia — "the awakening of the Orient under the impact of
Western ideas". Edward Said, author of “Orientialism” notes that
Orientialism “enables the political, economic, cultural and social domination
of the West not just during colonial times, but also in the present”.
"Orientalism"
is widely used in art to refer to the works of the many Western 19th-century
artists, who specialized in "Oriental" subjects, often drawing on
their travels to Western Asia.
Artists as well as scholars were already described as "Orientalists"
in the 19th century, especially in France, where the term, with a rather
dismissive sense, was largely popularized by the critic Jules-Antoine Castagnary. Such disdain did not prevent the Société des Peintres
Orientalistes "Society
of Orientalist Painters" being founded in 1893, with Jean-Léon Gérôme as honorary president; the word was less often used as a term for
artists in 19th century England. Orientialism is argued to be used to make the
East seem “less fearsome to the West”.
Since
the 18th century, Orientalist has been the traditional term for a scholar of Oriental
studies; however the use in English of Orientalism to describe the academic subject of "Oriental
studies" is rare; the Oxford English Dictionary cites only one such usage, by Lord
Byron in 1812. The academic discipline of
Oriental studies is now more often called Asian
studies.
In
1978, the Palestinian-American scholar Edward
Said published his influential and controversial book, Orientalism, which "would forever redefine" the word;[10] he used the term to describe what he argued was a pervasive
Western tradition, both academic and artistic, of prejudiced outsider
interpretations of the East, shaped by the attitudes of European imperialism in the 18th and 19th centuries. Said was critical of this
scholarly tradition and of some modern scholars, particularly Bernard
Lewis. Said's Orientalism elaborates
Antonio Gramsci's concept of hegemony and Michel Foucault's theorisation of discourse and relationship between knowledge and power. Said was mainly
concerned with literature in the widest sense, especially French literature,
and did not cover visual art and Orientalist painting. Others, notably Linda
Nochlin, have tried to extend his analysis
to art, "with uneven results". Said's work became one of the foundational
texts of Postcolonialism or Postcolonial studies. Furthermore, Edward
Said notes that Orientialism as an “idea of representation is a
theoretical one: The Orient is a stage on which the whole East is confined”.
According to Edward Said’s conference on April 16, 2003 it is evident that he
believes that the developing world which includes primarily the west is the
cause of colonialism. Stephen Howe the author of Empire: A very Short
Introduction evidently agrees that Western nations and Empires were created by
underdeveloped countries and in doing so causing the extraction of wealth and
labour from one nation to another.
C.
Islamic Studies In The Tradition Of Orientalism
Islamic studies as a discipline, as many scientific disciplines in the modern university,
also appeared in the 19th century, this discipline called Orientalism.
Grammar, culture, history were written in
the 19th century is characterized by the world view of romanticism fund the
search for what is valuable in the past that exotic (typical appeal because not much is known general or special).
Most historians of Islamic studies noted that western orientalists and
the orthodox Muslim scholars (sticking
to official doctrine or conservative), tends
to show conservatism (political persuasions who want to
preserve the tradition and social stability, preserve existing
institutions, and to oppose the radical changes) in their approach to historiography. Orientalism
widely accept the traditional view of the life of the Prophet Mohammad, the articulation of the Qur'an the period Mecca and Medina, and the early formation of the Muslim community.
Orientalism is a term that refers
to the imitation or depiction of the elements of Eastern culture in the West by
writers, designers, and artists.
Since the 19th century, "orientalist" has become a traditional term for experts in the field of Oriental studies. Orientalism is more widely used as a term referring to the works of French artists of the 19th century, which contains elements derived from their trip to countries outside Europe, particularly North Africa and West Asia.
Since the 19th century, "orientalist" has become a traditional term for experts in the field of Oriental studies. Orientalism is more widely used as a term referring to the works of French artists of the 19th century, which contains elements derived from their trip to countries outside Europe, particularly North Africa and West Asia.
In
the 20th century many western scholars replace the label academic department of
Oriental Studies to be Islamic Studies. Through the help of the United States
government on higher institutions selected, the purpose of the studies is to
train the region's western people in the language and culture of non-western
societies and the main study about the middle-east and areas center studies.
Orientalism is a frame of mind, a form of scholarly discourse on Islam under the
consciousness of reality east by west. They are a lot of reading and
interpreting Islamic texts, primarily of religious texts and culture of Islam.
Orientalist
works on Islam defines Islam as the corpus of the trust and abstract norms that
define the various spaces which suggests a culture. One of the works that the Orientalist
Gustave Von Grunebaum is Medieval Islam: A Study In Cultural Orientation
(1946) is used to begin to engage in academic discourse of civilization and
Islamic culture.
The work of the Orientalists give little or no attention at all in
the intellectual excessive generalization of the data on Islam. It's kind of problematic, as
most monographs/essay that focuses on the culture.
The standard explanation that appears in the current debate about the
monolithic approach (approach based on the idea) that is based on studies philology
describe the repeatition about dogma or emphasis on the sacred text of Islam.
As far as Islam is regarded as a religious tradition, philological method shave short comings that continue tobe minimized or
denied by the teachers among Muslims.
Orientalist works tend to ignore the reality of the Muslim
community to limit themselves to the written texts and on comparison of civilization
and political culture of Islam with Christianity. They regard Islam as an object of study, the topic of scientific discourse that didn’t participate in the Islamic
tradition.
PART III
CLOSING
A. Conclusion
Orientalism
has long been considered pejorative by the Islamic world. This is caused by the
views and perceptions of the Muslims over the works of Orientalist and Western
scholars who are generally portrayed Islam as distorted. Hundreds of Islam
portrayed inaccurately and even misunderstood. On the one hand, historically,
as expressed most prominent critics of Orientalism, Edward Said, the
descriptions are wrong about Islam and the East in orientalism is deliberately
produced as a Western project to maintain political and economic dominance over
the Islamic world. But, on the other hand, shed a giant collection of Islamic
literature is stored either in the Western university libraries, cannot be
denied as well. The collection is also a (blessing, wisdom) because of the
positive impact that widespread and unpredictable as has been described in this
paper.
The
positive impact in the form of contributions to
extensive development of Islamic studies, open, Islam became more sympathetic picture and more information and a better understanding of Islam. Orientalism function like a boomerang. Originally said that is a Western attempt to dominate the East, but secretly she actually had a positive impact on the revival of Islam itself.
extensive development of Islamic studies, open, Islam became more sympathetic picture and more information and a better understanding of Islam. Orientalism function like a boomerang. Originally said that is a Western attempt to dominate the East, but secretly she actually had a positive impact on the revival of Islam itself.
B. Suggestion
In the face of modern life as it is today, the history of Islam is needed so that we are not
wrong in their stride and addressing the problems we face in modern times.
We should be able to look at Islamic studies from a variety of different
viewpoints, this is very beneficial for us, if one day we face
the opinions differ, but in the discussion, we can take the middle lane or aligned.
References:
Zakiyudin, Studi Islam: pendekatan dan metode. Bintang. Yogyakarta: Bintang Pustaka
Abadi. 2011.
Nata, Abuddin. Metodologi Studi Islam. Jakarta: PT. Raja
Grafindo Persada. 2010, cetakan ke-17.
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